Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, by virtue of his skill and diligence as an
experimentalist, and by his demonstration of the power of the scientific method,
deserves recognition as a great scientist. Born on December 6, 1778, Joseph was
the eldest of five children. His father, Antoine Gay, was a lawyer who, to
distinguish himself from other people in the Limoges region with the last name
of Gay, used the surname Gay-Lussac from the name of some family property near
St Leonard. The French Revolution affected many of what were to become the
French scientific elite. Gay-Lussac was sent to Paris at the age of fourteen
when his father was arrested. After having had private lessons and attending a
boarding school, the Ecole Polytechnique and the civil engineering school,
Gay-Lussac became an assistant to Berthollet who was himself a co-worker of Lavoisier. Gay-Lussac thus got the chance to
become part of the group of famous men who spent time at Berthollet's country
house near Arcueil. Here among the Arcueil Society he received his training in
chemical research. |
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With the encouragement of Berthollet and LaPlace, Gay-Lussac at the
age of 24 conducted his first major research in the winter of 1801-1802. He
settled some conflicting evidence about the expansion properties of different
gases. By excluding water vapour from the apparatus and by making sure that the
gases themselves were free of moisture, he obtained results that were more
accurate than had been obtained previously by others. He concluded that equal
volumes of all gases expand equally with the same increase in temperature. While
Jacques Charles discovered this volume-temperature relationship fifteen years
earlier, he had not published it. Unlike Gay-Lussac, Charles did not measure the
coefficient of expansion. Also, because of the presence of water in the
apparatus and the gases themselves, Charles obtained results that indicated
unequal expansion for the gases that were water soluble. |
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Gay-Lussac, like his mentor Berthollet, was interested in how
chemical reactions take place. Working with the mathematical physicist, LaPlace,
Gay-Lussac made quantitative measurements on capillary action. The goal was to
support LaPlace 's belief in his Newtonian theory of chemical affinity. In 1814
this theoretical bent continued as Gay-Lussac and LaPlace sought to determine if
chemistry could be reduced to applied mathematics. The approach was to ask
whether the conditions of chemical reactions could be reduced simply to, as
LaPlace had suggested, considerations of heat. |
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As with his mentor before him, Gay-Lussac was consulted by industry
and supported by the government. "Napoleonic science sharpened the appetites of
young men by holding up the prospects of recognition and reward". Gay-Lussac and
Thenard, the laboratory boy turned professor, isolated the element boron nine
days before Davy'sroup did (but Davyas the first to publish.) Gay-Lussac led his group into
the isolation of plant alkaloids for potential medical use and he was
instrumental in developing the industrial production of oxalic acid from the
fusion of sawdust with alkali. His most important contribution to industry was,
in 1827, the refinement of the lead chamber process for the production of
sulfuric acid, the industrial chemical produced in largest volume in the world.
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While Gay-Lussac was a great theoretical scientist, he was also
respected by his colleagues for his careful, elegant, experimental work. Wanting
to know why and how something happened was important to Gay-Lussac, but he
preferred knowing much about a limited subject rather than proposing broad new
theories which might be wrong . He devised many new types of apparatus such as
the portable barometer, an improved pipette and burette and, when working at the
Mint, a new apparatus for quickly and accurately estimating the purity of silver which was the only legal
measure in France until 1881. His work on iodine is considered a model of chemical research.
His precise measurement of the thermal expansion of gases mentioned above was
used by Lord Kelvin in the development of the absolute temperature scale and
Third Law of Thermodynamics and by Clausius in the development of the Second
Law. He and Thenard improved existing methods of elemental analysis and
developed volumetric procedures for measuring acids and alkalis. His
quantification of the effect of light on the reaction of chlorine with hydrogen elevated photochemistry from mere artifice
into a theoretical science which culminated, fifty years after his death, in the
quantum theory. An example of his dedication to meticulous experimenting is his
decision to undertake a balloon flight to a record setting height of 23,000 feet
to test an hypotheses on earth's magnetic field and the composition of the air. |
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